Clinical Ink Places Electronic Data Capture in the Palms of Researchers' Hands

By Aaron Krol | from Clinical Informatics News

April 2, 2014 | In April 2009, Clinical Informatics News spoke to Tommy Littlejohn, then serving as President of startup company Clinical Ink, about a tablet-based data capture platform going through pilot testing as a tool for investigators in clinical trials. The platform, called SureSource, was meant to replace electronic data capture (EDC) systems as a way to record data from patient visits in a form that trial sponsors and managers could use for statistical analysis. While EDC platforms required paper documents to be manually reentered into a trial database, Clinical Ink hoped that redesigning the source documents themselves would provide a simpler and more reliable solution.

Since that story was published, SureSource has been launched as a polished commercial product, and has been used in approximately 50 clinical trials over five continents. It has not only become a viable alternative to EDC in any study, but also carved out a niche enabling clinical trials with unique mobility and ease-of-use requirements. This February, Clinical Ink took home the top prize at Clinical Informatics News’ inaugural Best Practices Awardsin the category of “Study Startup and Design,” in recognition of its significant cost-saving role in a tuberculosis drug study conducted in Tanzania and South Africa.

The Importance of Source Data 

The company’s early growth was not easy. “In 2006 or 2007, no one was talking about source – much less eSource,” says Doug Pierce, the co-founder of Clinical Ink who succeeded Tommy Littlejohn as President. “I had someone at a major pharma company tell me he didn’t care if the investigator chiseled the data into stone, as long as he got it on time. Nobody really understood the importance of how source data is captured.”

Pierce realized that ignoring source data was imposing real costs on trial sponsors. Because the data from patient interactions was recorded with pen and paper, there was a constant chance of introducing errors when this data was copied to the EDC. Funding had to be earmarked for monitors who physically travel to the sites to check the source documents, and any errors that could be flagged by electronic monitoring of source data went undetected until transfer to the EDC, long after the patient interactions ended. Moving electronic capture upstream, by creating eSource documents that run on tablet computers, would solve all these problems at a stroke – something that Pierce, who ran a paper medical forms business in Winston-Salem, was keenly aware of.

However, the hurdles to convincing investigators to adopt an eSource platform were high. “[Paper and pen] works really, really well,” says Pierce. “Everyone uses it, everyone knows how to use it, no one picks up a legal pad and a pen and says, ‘How do I enter data?’ We knew that, for an eSource system to be useful, it had to be as intuitive and familiar as we could possibly make it.”

At the time, he adds, the idea of using tablets seemed strange and exotic. “The early tablets we were walking around with in 2007 were novelties. We would pull them out at meetings, and people would gather around and say, ‘What’s that?’” Clinical Ink’s challenge was to convince trial sponsors that investigators would take to these futuristic devices as easily as pen and paper.

The company spent years creating a “paper-like” platform to meet these demands. Users interact with SureSource using a stylus, and can fill out data fields in their own handwriting, which the platform converts to plain text. Outside these core data fields, SureSource is as freeform as paper. “You can write anywhere you want to on the digital page, just like you can on a paper page,” says Pierce. “So if you want to write a marginal note next to a field, to offer some contextual information, you can do that. You can quickly draw a diagram, or draw a body to indicate where a wound is.” These marginalia don’t have to be interpreted by a middleman during transfer to an EDC; when an investigator is ready to submit a form, the pages are uploaded to the SureSource web portal exactly as they appear on the tablet.

A page from a source record displayed on a tablet running SureSource. Image credit: Clinical Ink

Clinical Ink also had plenty of time to perfect their sales pitch. CEO Ed Seguine joined the company in 2009, having previously worked as an investor in EDC companies like Phase Forward. (Seguine has the distinction of being the first person to be associated with Best Practices Awards from both Clinical Informatics News and our sister publication Bio-IT World, having worked at Medidata when that company was honored in 2009.) “I looked at Clinical Ink, and said, ‘This has the clearest connection to actually reducing costs of any technology I’ve seen,’” Seguine remembers. “We can point to explicit cost savings that happen right now, saving cash out of pocket, that make the difference in the decision to implement a new technology.”

Those savings come from eliminating monitor visits to compare source documents to the data in the EDC. “By definition, whatever is written in the tablet is what is in the database,” says Seguine. “You can review the document – not just the data, but the document itself – remotely on a website.” Combined with the ability to perform edit checks in real time – flagging source data that’s out of range or otherwise suspect while the patient is still in the room – this economic logic began to win over interested partners. The 2010 release of the iPad also helped to gradually establish tablets as everyday tools. In December 2011, Clinical Ink signed its first contract to deploy SureSource in a live clinical trial, and the company has only grown from there.

Sure Source in Action

Over time, SureSource has revealed strengths beyond its cost-saving potential. The platform has proved a useful tool for highly distributed studies, where sites and sponsors span multiple countries, and in areas where Internet connectivity is limited. In the case study that secured Clinical Ink its Best Practices Award this year, SureSource was deployed in a trial of multiple drug combinations for treating tuberculosis, including the novel drug SQ109. This trial was sponsored by a consortium of European universities called PanACEA (Pan African Consortium for the Evaluation of Antituberculosis Antibiotics), carried out by the contract research organization Triclinium based in South Africa, and conducted across seven sites in South Africa and Tanzania, resulting in a need for rapid communication across continents.

Because an Internet connection is only needed at the points when forms are first downloaded and uploaded, investigators in this trial could work in a platform where their documents would be fully visible to collaborators online, despite limited connectivity. Training investigators in SureSource is a minimal investment, which can be done online or in face-to-face meetings. After the initial deployment of SureSource, PanACEA and Triclinium found that they could exert powerful oversight of the study without frequent field visits.

“One of the great things about an eSource tool like ours is you have access to source data that you never have access to in a typical trial,” says Pierce. Checking the latest statistics, he’s able to tell me that 161 investigators in this study have met with 609 subjects in a total of nearly 11,000 visits, filling out over 3.5 million data fields. Across all this information, an average of just seven fields per subject have prompted queries from Triclinium or PanACEA, which Pierce calls a “remarkably low” figure – and all of these queries have been addressed without traveling to the site.

“The data is coming in so clean that the study no longer uses a separate data management CRO, because there’s not a high volume of data cleaning to deal with,” adds Seguine. “The reduction in monitoring costs meant that they could expand the footprint of the trial, and concentrate on actual patient activities, and not administrative overhead.”

Doug Pierce (top) oversees a SureSource training session at SeaView Research in Florida. Image credit: Clinical Ink

While Clinical Ink didn’t have underserved disease areas like tuberculosis in mind when SureSource was in development, Seguine and Pierce are very gratified that their platform can help empower this kind of neglected research. “The goal has always been to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of clinical trials,” says Pierce. “That becomes even more important when dealing with diseases that primarily impact the low-income world. The fact is, these drugs don’t always return the same amount of money as a drug that improves the lot of more affluent people, so keeping the cost down on those studies is even more important. We’re very pleased that the approach we’ve taken has proved to be useful for those sorts of trials.”

There are other novel use cases where SureSource has had an unexpected edge over EDCs. Novartis has adopted the platform for a trial of beta agonists taking place in Walgreens pharmacies, whose Healthcare Clinics serve basic medical needs for a large number of Americans. “There are roughly 300 of these clinics, and they’re research naïve,” says Seguine. “[SureSource] means Novartis doesn’t have to send monitors to all 300 sites, and the tablet can help to enforce some of the protocol requirements.” For clinicians who have never worked as investigators in clinical trials, guidance in an electronic platform can clear up issues before they develop – for instance, prompting the clinician to take extra readings if a blood pressure measurement is out of range.

SureSource can also satisfy privacy and mobility concerns. In a UK-based study of a potential Alzheimer’s treatment, researchers take their tablets outside the study site each day to nursing homes where the non-ambulatory subjects live. “The coordinators didn’t want people wandering around with charts full of information that was highly private and confidential,” says Pierce. “So they travel to the nursing home, they gather the data, they can check that data in before they leave the site, and then they travel back home.” By the time the visit is over, the source documents are in a secure cloud and ready for review and analysis.

The Universe of Source Data

For the first iteration of SureSource, ease of use and faithful data capture have been Clinical Ink’s greatest priorities. A few early features, however, such as electronic prompts and queries that are attached directly to source documents on the web portal, are pointing to ways that a tablet platform can actually improve on paper.

Seguine emphasizes that SureSource documents are never converted into PDFs, or other static formats, until trial managers take them out of the web portal. “Inside our system, it’s an interactive document,” he says, “and we feel that’s critically important for some of the things we’re planning for the future – to be able to interact with labels and fields and data values. Querying is just one way, potentially, of interacting with SureSource.”

The platform also has the potential to expand from patient visits to other kinds of data gathered in clinical trials. Clinical Ink is planning to build software for laboratories, so test results can be captured electronically and made available in the same environment as the direct patient data. The company is also working with clients to move data through the next stage of a clinical trial’s lifecycle: submission to regulators.

“We’ve recently built out a utility that allows us to aggregate all the visit information for a single subject, and put it in a regulatory compliant submission format, so sponsors can submit the documents alongside the data,” says Seguine. This gives regulators a direct pipeline to the patient visits, adding extra assurance of the data and helping to speed up any questions about conduct at the sites.

Ultimately, the hope is that SureSource will become a large suite of software tools that can streamline data collection at any stage of a clinical trial. In the meantime, hundreds of tablets running SureSource have already been distributed around the world, and the platform is making an immediate impact on the cost of research. Combining greater reliability of trial data with measurable savings, and enabling both novel and neglected use cases, Clinical Ink exemplifies best practices in clinical studies.